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Risk Management And Homeland Security - 1309 Words

Risk Management and Homeland Security The nation’s homeland security is a very multifaceted environment which must be controlled to effective function at its highest potential. â€Å"The safety, security, and resilience of the Nation are threatened by an array of hazards, including acts of terrorism, manmade accidents, and natural disasters† (DHS., 2011). All together, homeland security agencies must manage risks at all levels connected with an array of components. Collectively, these external and internal risks have the potential to cause severe consequences like; fatalities, negative psychosocial impact, environmental poverty, and the government ability to control the country. Within this text, risk management within the homeland security†¦show more content†¦It is a responsibility shared by federal, state, local, tribe, and territorial governments, private sectors, and the people of the nation to widen their spectrum and identify the many threats facing homeland security in regards to resourc e compromises and potential critical infrastructure threats. Risk Management and Homeland Security Enterprise Measuring homeland security risks is a demanding undertaking. This is directed to the nature of the risks and how each agency in the department handles the risks. Risk management is vital for homeland security leaders to highlight the contesting requirements and allow wide spread methods to measure performance and note progress. According to, (National Research Council, 2010), â€Å"The Secretary of Homeland Security has established the requirement for DHS to build and promote an integrated approach to homeland security risk management, working with partners across the homeland security enterprise.† Their responsibility in integrating risk management into a set of approaches is to develop safety, protection, and resilience throughout the country in attempts to counteract any risks or acts of terrorism. DHS was created for the people, and to protect and control the borders, enforce and manage immigration laws, assist in natural disasters, and provide support to the nationâ⠂¬â„¢s economic security. When it comes to homeland security enterprise, risk management approaches are necessary in protectingShow MoreRelatedThe Homeland Security Risk Management1239 Words   |  5 Pages Homeland Security Risk Management Olgera Haywood American Military University Introduction Homeland security in United States comprises of complex and competing requirements, incentives, and interests that need to be managed and balanced effectively to achieve the desired national objectives. Security, resilience and safety of the country are endangered by different hazards such as cyberspace attacks, terrorism, manmade accidents, pandemics, natural disasters and transnationalRead MoreRisk Management Within The Homeland Security1115 Words   |  5 Pages Risk management within the homeland security Dustin S. Smith American Military University Abstract The department of homeland security uses an equation that will assess our economy, actions, public affairs, natural occurrences, consequences, threat, and vulnerability of threats. The component itself can be quite complex and problems exist in components through risk measures. The performance of modern technology depends on combinations of specific systems that are affectedRead MoreThe Homeland Security And Risk Management Programs1213 Words   |  5 PagesThe Homeland security has been faced with a multitude of threats as the United States encounters new enemies as well as ongoing natural disasters. Regarding the topic of risk management lays an intriguing question. This question is how to appropriately coordinate risk management programs while acknowledging elements of focus in regards to different assets and the manner in which these assets are used. The homeland security uses risk assessments on all areas, which this paper will be focusing on,Read MoreRisk Management Within Hom eland Security Essay1187 Words   |  5 Pages Risk Management within Homeland Security Risk management is applied in numerous ways by various agencies and organizations within the U.S. national security apparatus. One manner in which risk management is utilized by the Department of Defense is to mitigate vulnerabilities to personnel during military operations. Whether or not to recruit and deploy a double-agent is a primary focus of risk management within the CIA’s Counterespionage Group. Moreover, evaluating security threats toRead MoreRisk Management Within The Homeland Security Enterprise1245 Words   |  5 PagesRisk Management within the Homeland Security Enterprise Risk has been defined as the likelihood of a specific outcome and the results or consequences of that specific outcome (Masse, O’Neil, Rollins, 2007). Risk is inherent to every facet of life. There are risks involved in the mundane of driving down the road or walking on a sidewalk. Certain factors are added which increases the risk of conducting these mundane tasks. For example, driving at a high rate of speed during a rain storm exponentiallyRead MoreThe Role Of Risk Management On The Homeland Security Enterprise1361 Words   |  6 Pagesattacks against the United States, a series of risk management evaluations were created by the US Federal Government to assess the future risks the homeland was going to face. When the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) was officially created in 2002, more effective risk management assessments were re-designed to evaluate the past and present dangers, prevent them and respond successfully to more terrorist attacks. Since 2001 until 2007, a development of risk assessment has been divided in phases toRead MoreRole Of Risk Management Within The Homeland Security Enterprise1271 Words   |  6 Pagesability of the Department of Homeland Security to effectively manage risk is vital to national security. Risk in general, is something that is permanent but because this is known, strategies can be used to mitigate situations as they present themselves. Government managers must manage risk in a complex environment taking into consideration the diverse missions and multiple objectives of public agencies (Hardy, 2014). The role of risk management within the homeland security enterprise was managed byRead MoreWhat Role Does Risk Management Play Within The Homeland Security Enterprise?1186 Words   |  5 PagesWhat role does risk management play within the homeland security enterprise? To answer that question we first have to examine what risk management is. Risk management is an anaclitic approach to figuring out the likelihood that an event will impact a specific assets, person, or function and then implementing steps to mitigate the impact or consequence of the event. (Decker, 2001) The Standard risk management formula that the Department of Homeland Security uses is R=T*V*C or Risk = Threat * VulnerabilityRead MoreThe Department Of Homeland Security Essay786 Words   |  4 Pagesdeter and prevent attacks on our homeland and as well as deter and threats from potentially occurring. Following 9/11, the Department of Defense has been entrusted with the role in the management of risks facing the United Sates. The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) has stated that it will apply risk management principles to homeland security operations and has stated â€Å"Ultimately, homeland security is about effectively managing risks to the Nation’s security† (DHS 2010, pg. 2). This is muchRead MoreStrategic Planning, Resource Allocation And Grant Funding1362 Words   |  6 Pagesat some point carries a certain level of risk based on a decision or choice made to meet a specific goal. Things taken for granted such as driving from one point to another or shopping at your local grocery store carry certain risk. The variables that affect the level of risk range from low to extreme. The issue with risk is there never is an absolute number of mitigating solutions that will neutralize risk 100% of the time. If something was essentially risk free, there would be no room for error or

Refugees Human Rights and Largest Refugee Populations Free Essays

Refugees Part A. Sadly and commonly throughout the world of today with its immense technology, and stature lies an ever growing and simple problem soon becoming an epidemic. Through tyranny styled governments, ignorance and even a lack of awareness and care sits 20 million refugees thrown from their countries simply because it is not safe, to a place where they are unknown. We will write a custom essay sample on Refugees: Human Rights and Largest Refugee Populations or any similar topic only for you Order Now These people are children, mothers and fathers dying endlessly with nowhere to go and without a future. Under international law, a refugee is a person who is outside his/her country of nationality or habitual residence; has a well-founded fear of persecution because of his/her race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group or political opinion; and is unable or unwilling to avail himself/herself of the protection of that country, or to return there, for fear of persecution. They are subgroup of the broader category of displaced persons. †¦ en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Refugee A refugee can be defined in a variety of means and in many ways is a definition that often faces misconception with the general public. In many cases it is the way in which the circumstances arise that leaves people confused. Wether or not they were forced and also wether it is simply a home or a country that you become forced out of. A refugee is a person or persons that have been forced out of there natural habitat wether it simply be there home or there country and are left with no other option but to run away, out of fear of persecution, death, or because of natural disaster. They do not necessarily run away from there nation of citizenship but just to another location other then there ordinary home to take refuge. If it is decided that they are either accepted into a country or run into a country for refuge then they are to receive the same freedom and rights as any other ordinary legal resident. However this doesn’t allow them to become immediate citizens or have an extended period of refuge in the country, if and when there country of origin returns to a state of decency they are then forced to return. These rights include; basic civil rights, freedom of thought, freedom of movement, and freedom from torture and degrading treatment. As with any other individual these people are entitled to have the right to: work, medical care, social and economical rights, and every child must have the right to schooling. We must keep in mind that these people aren’t asylum seekers or immigrants, they simply leave to take refuge and safety. Causes of extended refugee numbers. GOVERNMENT: often in third world and poorly funded nations people are forced to leave as a result of a tyranny styled government. These corrupt officials often associate with terrorists, guerrillas, and drug barons, making the country unsafe and unliveable. FARMING: poorly funded or corrupt nations often lack sufficient land and equipment for farming practices. This is made worse by a lack of education and farming knowledge. With this, food numbers and the economy is bought down. The farmers themselves as well as all countrymen and women are left with little food and money and are forced to leave. WAR: Corrupt and poor nations are often at the greatest threat of terrorist and war activity thanks to the government and lack of money. Terrorists prey on these areas with poor security, education and with a wide array of religions. Civilians are at great risk. This is also added to by religious and race fuelled wars. NATURAL DISASTERS: countries often with poor financial backing are worst hit by natural disasters. Farms, the lifeblood of the area as well as buildings which were poorly built originally become demolished. Furthermore infrastructure such as sewerage and water as well as electricity become unsafe and unclean as these nations lack the money not only to fix it but to have had sufficient facilities to begin with. These people are again forced to leave to avoid death. PERSECUTION: is often caused by corrupt governments. Persecution is often aimed at particular races, religious backgrounds, group memberships, and opinions. Many governments stand for unjust laws allowing people to be unfairly persecuted. Where Are the Refugees coming from? AFRICA: ASIA: 1951: 5,000 1951: 41,500 1999: 3,523,100. 1999: 4,781,800 EUROPE: SOUTH AMERICA. 1951: 1,221,200 1951: 120,000 999: 2,617,600 1999: 61,100 NORTH AMERICA. OCEANIA. 1951: 518,500 1951: 180,000 1999: 649,600 1999: 64,500. THE WORLD: 1951: 2,116,200 1999: 11,697,800 The Largest Refugee Populations, 1999. Who is taking responsibility for the care of the refugees? Part B. Solving the refugee epidemic†¦ As with each day we grow in our knowledge stature both scientifically and technologically as does, sadly a societal epidemic in that of our refugee numbers. First and foremost these nations need funding that must find its way to the citizens that need it and not the Government. From here education is a necessity where it then should be used in schools, as well as teaching for trades, farming practices, and general human rights, with social education. As said, the most simple yet in many ways unattainable solution is education, in teaching skills and tolerance. In part A, identified were major causes of the refugee numbers and in each case and example education would have been a solution, with the exception of the Government. Persecution, often caused by race and religion or even opinions is often fuelled by regular citizens who simply haven’t had the correct education and were forced into abiding by certain laws, governments and religions. The people themselves who are often persecuted are the ones who have had the ability to be educated and have their own beliefs rather than those who were taken at a young age and forced to fight or believe in a cause. When it comes to another problem that education can cure, we must look at natural disasters. Obviously the disaster itself cannot be prevented, however the original damage in many cases could have been far less and the rebuilding could be far better, resulting in fewer refugees, had education been received. This education would have helped several aspects of a natural disasters effect. Firstly buildings and farms in the areas would have been constructed and prepared in order to sustain such events and if educated awareness of the event and preparation in procedures before and after the diaster would be far better. Farming itself is extremely significant in providing sufficient aspects of these nations economy so again education is vital. Funding shouldn’t be used to supply food to these nations, but to rather supply education for correct farming practices, equipment, facilities and knowledge. This would not only significantly change refugee numbers but increase economic stability and create jobs and money in the area. This education mainly needs to be served to children of the nation at an extremely young age, the future of these nations, who can then provide a emocratic government, as well as having the knowledge to create a sufficiently flowing nation, with agricultural and business benefits. With such religious and social education which is a major problem, corrupt governments will no longer be running the nation and therefore unable to persecute, discriminate or steal. With this education, these nations will grow in stature to provide sufficient, social, economical, health, business , and security aspects that will no longer see citizens forced to run to other countries. How to cite Refugees: Human Rights and Largest Refugee Populations, Essay examples

Elements of Realism free essay sample

Topic: Identify how one of the selections from Collection 4 fits the characteristics of realism. (A Mystery of Heroism, The Story of an Hour, or A Pair of Silk Stockings) Length: 5 paragraphs Introduction: †¢ Identify the selection you have chosen †¢ Identify realism as a style of writing during the Civil War period †¢ Summarize the characteristics of realism (4) †¢ Thesis: last sentence that announces the topic of your essay; example: Harriet Jacobs told her story using the characteristics of realism. Body 1-3: †¢ In each paragraph, begin by identifying the characteristics you are including in the paragraphs. Include examples from the story that show the characteristics of realism. Conclusion: †¢ Thesis: rephrase your original thesis; example: Using the characteristics of realism, Harriet Jacobs shared her story. †¢ Summarize the main points made in your essay. †¢ Final sentence: example: Harriet Jacobs told her story in a realistic way. Remin ders: ? Paper should be typed in size 12 font ? Double space ? The thesis goes in the last sentence of the first paragraph and the first sentence of the last paragraph ? Remember to stay on topic; only talk about the story you have chosen ? Be sure to include an example for each topic covered ? Be sure to use at least 4 characteristics Sample Body Paragraphs: Two characteristics of realism deal with the rejection of the larger than life character, and an emphasis on characters from a lower class. We will write a custom essay sample on Elements of Realism or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In â€Å"from Life of a Slave Girl† the main character fit both of these characteristics. Harriet Jacobs character, Linda, was simply a mother who relied on God for help. On page 473 she asks God for help, â€Å"I prayed to God†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Also, Linda was a house servant for the Flints; she was not free, as indicated in the title of the selection, â€Å"Incidents in the life of a Slave Girl. Both examples show how realism is present in the narrative. Another characteristic of realism is the ethical struggle of real life situations faced by the main character, Linda. In this selection, Linda is faced with the dilemma of leaving her children in jail versus trying to see them, and risking their freedom. Harriet states in her story, â€Å"When I heard that my little ones were in jail, my first impulse was to go to them. † Linda stays away from the jail, but agonized over the situation.

Does God Exist Essay Example

Does God Exist? Essay The question Does God exist? Is an extremely expansive and immense topic that has been debated for centuries. This question has plagued mankind since we began to think logically. It is difficult to say whether there may or may not be a god, or even many gods, as we have limited knowledge regarding this issue. We currently even question Gods existence today, however the answer can never certainly and truly be found. There is evidence supporting his existence, but there is also evidence suggesting that his existence is not genuine. The famous teleological and ontological horses both link to each other for this topic, as they are both recognized for agreeing through reason that God exists, however this Is opposed with the situation that they are based on common sense, but not fact, a belief that Descartes would agree with. The argument about Gods possible existence also leads many to believe that we created this figure to look to for guidance, to have someone to lead us, and also to blame. Both teleological and ontological arguments stand on reason alone. The ontological argument argues that since existence Is possible, to exist Is greater Han to not exist, thus God must exist. This concept portrays that someone declaring that God does not exist is contradicting, as according to this argument this would mean that something greater would have to exist, which Is not possible because you cannot have something greater than that which no greater can be formed. The teleological argument debates that it takes a designer to have a design, and in this case, the designer is God. We will write a custom essay sample on Does God Exist? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Does God Exist? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Does God Exist? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This originates from the word tells, which means purpose, or goal. Every life form on Earth Is highly complex, such as a strand of DNA, intonating all programming for our entire bodies to function properly. Due to this theory, it cannot be a coincidence, as the chance of this randomly occurring is beyond imagination. Someone with an intention had to have existed to purposefully create such complex things. These philosophical hypothesis prove to an extent, that there Is a God-Like figure out there. These arguments however, are both cemented by reason and common sense but not fact, which challenges the core thinking of what they both suggest. This interestingly links to Descartes, who believed hat there is more truth In intellect, rather than your common sense. Descartes viewed God as a perfect being. In order for people to have flaws and Imperfection, there must be an example of perfect flawlessness. Hence God exists because he is the representation of perfection in this theory. He famously states Who keeps me in existence? If owe it to myself, I would have given to me all sorts of perfections Yet, evidently I am not perfect. By this, Descartes Is questioning who keeps him In existence. He states that If t was himself, he would have granted himself perfection, et he is obviously not perfect, proving in his philosophy that a higher being must exist, higher than human beings to grant and model perfection, portraying his view on the existence of God. Descartes believed that we as humans need a figure to look up to as an example and a leader. Our world revolves around leadership. From leading a choir in a concert, to prime Minster, our world would run into chaos without it. God is a being of hope and a perfect figure to look up to for many. He is an pieces many peoples worlds together through religion, as that is what they choose to Ochs their life on and because of this, he gives people an idea of purpose in their lives. According to Plats theory of forms, for all things that exist (e. Emotions, physical objects) in our physical world, there is an ultimate or perfect form of it in another dimension, which in this case would be God. He exists in our beliefs and imaginations because he is a leader to us, meaning that God does exist, simply not in this dimension. This ancient debate has evidence reinforcing that God is real, but is also balanced out by the evidence and opinions retaliating against this. People form their own opinions about this query by using their own Judgment and common sense, which is why the teleological and ontological argument applies so efficiently to this question. They both examine and verify rationally that God is genuine as a real being. At the opposite end of the spectrum, Descartes relied more on logic to consolidate his belief. He believed that if people were to have flaws and imperfections, we need an example of perfection to form this belief of imperfection, which is God. In a sense, God is a guide for us to understand our faults and blemishes. This points to Plats theory of forms, which also proves Gods existence in his concept. Because we have imagined, and invented this idea of God, he is then certainly real in another dimension. Although these prove Gods existence, they only prove his existence in their philosophy and beliefs, and because of this, it can never truly be discovered if God is real or not, due to our insufficient knowledge about him.

Example Sentences of the Verb Hit

Example Sentences of the Verb Hit This page provides example sentences of the verb Hit in all tenses including active and passive forms, as well as conditional and modal forms. Base Form hit / Past Simple hit/ Past Participle hit / Gerund hitting Present Simple:Â  He often hits balls with his son in the park.Present Simple Passive:Â  Home runs are often hit out of this ballpark.Present Continuous:Â  He is hitting the ball hard today.Present Continuous Passive:Â  The ball is being hit hard today by all the players.Present Perfect:Â  She has hit fifteen home runs this season.Present Perfect Passive:Â  Fifteen home runs have been hit by Susan this season.Present Perfect Continuous:Â  Jack has been hitting that punching bag for the last twenty minutes.Past Simple:Â  Mary hit a home run out of the park yesterday.Past Simple Passive:Â  A home run was hit out of the park during yesterdays game.Past Continuous:Â  Hank was hitting the punching bag when his trainer walked into the gym.Past Continuous Passive:Â  The punching bag was being hit when the trainer walked into the gym.Past Perfect:Â  She had already hit four home runs when she hit the grand slam!Past Perfect Passive:Â  A grand slam had already been hit when the g ame was canceled due to the rain.Past Perfect Continuous:Â  Alan had been hitting the punching bag for twenty minutes when the trainer walked into the gym. Future (will):Â  She will hit the roof when she finds out!Future (will) passive:Â  The ball will be hit out of the park.Future (going to):Â  Jack is going to hit the ball out of the park today.Future (going to) passive:Â  The ball is going to be hit out of the park today.Future Continuous:Â  This time tomorrow we will be hitting the punching bag in the gym.Future Perfect:Â  William will have hit three home runs before the game is finished.Future Possibility:Â  She might hit him if he doesnt shut up!Real Conditional:Â  If she hits a home run, the team will celebrate.Unreal Conditional:Â  If she hit a home run, the team would celebrate.Past Unreal Conditional:Â  If she had hit a home run, the team would have celebrated.Present Modal:Â  You should hit a punching bag to get rid of your anger.Past Modal:Â  She must have hit a home run. Quiz: Conjugate With Hit Use the verb to hit to conjugate the following sentences. Quiz answers are below. In some cases, more than one answer may be correct. Mary _____ a homerun out of the park yesterday.She _____ fifteen homeruns this season.He _____ the ball hard today.The punching bag _____ when the trainer walked into the gym.A grand slam _____ already _____ when the game was canceled due to the rain.She _____ the roof when she finds out!William _____ three homeruns before the game is finished.If she _____ a homerun, the team would have celebrated.A homerun _____ out of the park during yesterdays game.He often _____ a punching bag to relax. Quiz Answers hithas hitis hittingwas being hithad been hitwill hitwill have hithad hitwas hithits

Grandfathers Funeral at Age 6 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Grandfathers Funeral at Age 6 - Essay Example Hearing about how good he was made me appreciate the new side of him and really wished I had gotten his better side when he was living. Age 6, father argued that although I was still young, I was old enough to attend my grandfather’s funeral. At the age of six, my grandfather passed away after suffering from pulmonary fibrosis. Grandfather got sick 3 months ago and went quickly perhaps because of his old age. I was really tensed when it came to family viewing. I wondered how hyperactive I was and how the experience of the funeral could have appeared for me. However, I felt that it was significant to celebrate grandfather’s life because he was a very important figure in my life. This was actually part of family life and being that I was part of the family, my father thought it wise to include everyone. It made a lot of sense celebrating the life of someone who had a great effect on the family. He had achieved several things in his life and he told me many stories before his death. I was personally touched and felt that attending the funeral would be the final way of saying bye to him. He handled himself in a wise manner. I so much felt that I lost something precious in my life. People were mourning and my parents talked less about the old man. Various people shared great things grandfather did during his lifetime. Interestingly, no one talked of another part of grandfather and this made me think that he must have been a man of the people who never committed sin. The whole experience was quite humbling and I thought about how cool my grandfather was. Pictures on the walls showed a smiling old man who supposedly loved everyone. I felt he was the happiest man I ever set my life on. Grandfather understood and comforted me most of the times and I wondered if I would ever get such kind of a person in life. Saying goodbye to grandfather was crucial and sheltering from the lifecycle event such as death could definitely lead to fear.  

What shaped the economic policy reactions during the Great Depression Essay

What shaped the economic policy reactions during the Great Depression 1929-1933 - Essay Example In the 1920s stock prices jumped a tremendous amount, to highs never seen before. Many people such as investors believed that stocks were a for sure thing. So they started borrowing heavily which would enable them to invest more money into the stock market. That was all about to end, for in 1929 the bubble was popped and stocks started to go down very quickly. By 1933 the market had reached its lowest point ever, down a total ÃŽ ¿f 80%. This hid the American economy hard; the strong demand for goods, such as major appliances went down, no more money to invest. The stock market had let many people down. During the history ÃŽ ¿f the stock market in the United States, there have been many days in which the market declined numerous points. This is referred to as a market crash. One is called "Black Thursday," which marked the beginning ÃŽ ¿f the Great Depressions. It was decades ago, when the roaring twenties came to a booming halt on October 24, 1929, as the stock market crashed. It is called Black Thursday because it was the first day ÃŽ ¿f panic and the start ÃŽ ¿f the Great Depression. Investors tried to sell stock as fast as possible on this day. Within the first twenty days ÃŽ ¿f the crash, the value ÃŽ ¿f stock held by investors in the United States fell thirty billion dollars. During the Great Depression, production and sale ÃŽ ¿f goods rapidly declined. Employment numbers dropped drastically. Many banks and businesses were forced to close their doors. Not only were jobs and savings lost for many people, but also their homes and farms. Thousands depended upon charity to survive. During the worst part ÃŽ ¿f the depression more than fifteen million people were unemployed. This figure amounted to twenty-five percent ÃŽ ¿f the nations work force. However, even the seventy-five percent ÃŽ ¿f the workforce who were able to maintain or find a job were severely affected. Many experienced major wage reductions or were given only part time work. (Great) In the

Distance Learning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Distance Learning - Essay Example The online enrollment estimations made in the late 1990s have been exceeded and continues to grow at amazingly high rates. Thus, the number of online students reached 2.6 million in the fall of 2004 (Allen, and Seaman, 2004). Despite the tremendous success of distance technology-mediated learning (this term covers not only fully online courses, but also various blended approaches that integrate online components into traditional classes), experts suggests that it still remains at an early stage of development (Smart, and Cappel, 2006). The conventional concepts and theories of education were reported to retain their suitability in the web-based learning environment. Numerous research studies demonstrated that cognitive factors such as performance, learning, and achievement in distance education classes are comparable to those observed in traditional classes (Russell, 1999). ... s enrolled in an introductory psychology course performed better in distance education courses, although the level of their satisfaction with them was lower. Students in the web based course consistently scored an average of five percentage points higher on the final exam than did those in the lecture course, but they consistently reported less satisfaction than the students in the lecture course (Hagel, and Shaw, 2003). Student satisfaction is currently believed to be one of the major indicators of student development in conventional higher education. The mission of higher education is not only to impart knowledge but also to enhance the student's total development (Astin, 1993). One of the ways higher education institutions accomplish this mission is by continuously collecting information on student satisfaction, defined by various authors as an "everpresent campus variable" (Betz, Menne, Starr, and Klingensmith, 1971: 99), the key outcome of higher education (Astin, 1993), and the 'quality enhancement tool designed to improve the quality of the student experience' (Harvey, Plimmer, Moon, and Geall, 1997: 3). Traditionally, the institutions of higher education have used the data on student satisfaction to improve understanding of the educational environments. This understanding, it its turn, allowed to create settings more conducive for student development. Student satisfaction is an indicator of higher education institutions' responsiveness to the needs of students. Also it is a measure of institutional effectiveness, success, and vitality. Measuring student satisfaction is also important for maintaining and increasing enrollment, managing attrition and retention problems, and making better-informed decisions in the area of student affairs (Beltyukova, 2002).

The Influence Of New Media Sociology Essay

The Influence Of New Media Sociology Essay In Malaysia, human rights of homosexual issue are getting serious. Media is shaping the image of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender (LGBT) groups through their news. The problem statement of this research is that LGBT community is greatly discriminated in society. The research attempts to investigate the power of new media through youth`s view and gauge the level of public awareness and also to instil awareness of respecting homosexuality in todays youth. The target audience is Malaysian university students of different races and ages between 17 to 27 years old. The survey method to obtain the result is through a questionnaire and to distribute 200 sets to the respondents on the Internet. Eventually, the researchers found out that the majority of students view that negligence on the LGBT community is not a serious problem in Malaysia and do not think that the Internet influenced much of their views on LGBT community. At the same time, they view Seksualiti Merdeka as a negligible issue since the respondents do not know much about it but majority think that LGBT deserves equal human rights. In conclusion, youth are not aware of homosexual issues in Malaysia. Government or some organizations should lend a hand in educating youth about homosexuality. Homosexual identity is abstracted as a life-spanning development process. This process eventually leads a person to personal acceptance of a positive gay self-image and a clear personal identity (Minton McDonald, 2012). According to Habermas theory of ego development, it is utilized to provide a synthesis and understanding of the literature on the construction and maintenance of the homosexual identity. It is concluded that the homosexual identity generally emerges in a three-stage process, in which the person progresses from (1) an egocentric interpretation of homoerotic feelings to (2) an internalization of the normative, conventional assumptions about homosexuality to (3) a post-conventional phase in which societal norms are critically evaluated and the positive gay identity is achieved and managed. In short, homosexual develops in three stages. The first stage is the homoerotic feelings in a self-centered way. The second stage is the internalization of the normative, assuming ho mosexuality in a convention way. The final stage is a post-conventional phase where the critical evaluation of societal norms happens and the positive gay identity is achieved and managed. However, no one knows how exactly homosexuality entered into human history. According to Samhsa, the terms lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) describe distinct groups within the gay culture. The early initiatives for people who were gay focused mostly on men. So, in an attempt to draw attention to issues specific to gay women, lesbian is often listed first. People who are bisexual or transgender have been traditionally left out of, or underrepresented in, research studies and health initiatives. Other than that, a study from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy revealed that the term homosexuality was coined in the late 19th  century by German psychologist, Karoly Maria Benkert. Although the term is new, discussions about sexuality and same-sex attraction have occasioned philosophical discussion ranging from Platos  Symposium  to contemporary queer theory (Pickett, Brent, 2011). However, the gay group is different from sissies and tomboy. According to Sexuality Information and Education Council of the United State, the dictionary itself documents the distinction between tomboy and sissy with gay, while tomboy refers to romping, boisterous, boyish young girl, sissy an effeminate boy or man, a timid or cowardly person (Siecus Report, 2003). Thus for a boy been called sissy can be devastating, as it pierces his self-image at its most vulnerable point. By contrast, tomboy is said with approving tones, and does not detract from a girls sense of worth (Green, 1979). By this definition, it could be understood that a gay individual is more likely to have same sex attraction, but a sissy person may only behave like a girl while having a normal sexuality as other heterosexual males. According to National Academic Advising Association (NACADA), LGBT refers to Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender. The term gay  refers to both men and women who are attracted to persons of the same sex. Lesbian  is the term used specifically for women who are romantically and sexually attracted to other women. Bisexual  is used to indicate that a person is attracted to both men and women. Some describe bisexuality as an attraction to the qualities a person possesses rather than the gender of the person who possesses the qualities. Bisexual persons often experience a lack of acceptance in both heterosexual and GL communities because of misconceptions and stereotypes associated with bisexuality. Finally, transgender  is an umbrella term used to describe someone who experiences his/her gender in a way that varies along a continuum from masculine to feminine (Brown Rounsley, 1996; Perez, DeBord Bieschke, 2000; Cunningham, 2003; Smith 2006). Hall (1996) coined the term of under erasure to refer to the LGBT individuals who happen to occupy outside the field. Within the gay and lesbian community, the subjective voices of transgender people are often marginalized or ignored (Minter, 2000) It indicates that the social status of the LGBT persons often insignificant and lower in rank. Social networking sites are spots where youth are easily influence by sexual text, photos and videos and also creates such materials by own (Rebecca, 2001). New media helps in addressing issues such as sexual health and their important role of youth at risk depends on media which is in use (Kaiser Family Foundation, 2010). To see the ever present queerness in the most prosaic straightness is important to be sure, as it has been for every oppressed minority. Visibility is much important to gays and lesbian because change of social acceptance. 1.1 Problem Statement This study addresses the issue of the portrayal of the marginalized group, known to be LGBT, by the new media and to what extent it influences the perceptions of the young individuals towards this group. A study performed by Free Malaysia Today stated that the Centre for Independent Journalism reprimanded the Malaysian print media for their lop-sided reporting on the Azwan Ismail video that was first made by a group called Seksualiti Merdeka. Azwan, an engineer, shot to fame after he stated his sexual preference in a video entitled, I am Gay, I am Okay. The video was first aired in an event organized by Seksualiti Merdeka. His open statement, however, did not go down well with other media. The Malay dailies newspaper and the community made their displeasure known via various cyber platforms. Some even went to the extent of issuing death threats against Azwan. One prominent Muslim blogger took the government to task for its failure in curbing the spread of gay and lesbian activities ( Free Malaysia Today, 2011). Other than that, Youth Pride Inc also stated that 36.5 % of GLB youth grades 9-12 have attempted suicide and 20.5% of those attempts resulting in medical care (Robin, 2002). In 2005, Gay, Lesbian and Straight Education Network (GLSEN) survey of LGBT youth, 90% reported experiencing verbal or physical harassment or verbal assault in the past year (Harris Interactive GLSEN, 2005). All these findings share one conclusion namely LGBT people are greatly discriminated in the society. This study thus chooses to highlight on homosexuality and Seksualiti Merdeka with aims to create awareness among todays generation about the need to respect every persons right, including the rights to be homosexuals. 1.2 Research Objectives To discover the new medias portrayal of the LGBT community in Malaysia. To examine the Malaysian youths perceptions towards the LGBT community in general and specifically towards Seksualiti Merdeka. To create awareness about the issue of homosexuality among Malaysian youths. 1.3 Research Questions How are new medias portrayals of the LGBT community in Malaysia? What are the Malaysian youths perceptions towards the LGBT community and Seksualiti Merdeka? How far Malaysian youths are aware about the issue of homosexuality? 1.4 Research Hypothesis This research has one hypothesis, which is if the new media portrays the LGBT community negatively; the perceptions of youth towards LGBT community will be negative. This means, if the new media portrays the LGBT community positively, the perceptions of youth towards LGBT community will be positive. 1.5 Research Significance This study examines the influence of new media on the youths perception towards LGBT community. The researchers highlight youth perceptions on this issue because in the modern era today, youths are expected to be more open minded apart of being daring to voice out their opinions about any arising issues. A research by Pew Internet America Life Project (2007) revealed that 94 percent of internet users are young people with age range between 18 to 29 years old. This finding indicated that youths today are the active users of new media such as social networks, forums, blogs etc. With new media, the youths can easily get information about LGBT issues that occured in the country or abroad. Therefore, the youths may have more awareness towards LGBT groups. New media is becoming a platform for the youth to express their opinions and to discuss about any issues. Therefore, the researchers think that, there is a need to study more about the influence of new media on youths perceptions towards LGBT community. This study will help to instil awareness and provide a better perspective about the issues of LGBT and Seksualiti Merdeka to upcoming generation. It can also be useful and functional as reference for future researchers who are interested to expand the discussion on similar topics and areas. LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Media Portrayal of LGBT Society has always had a general fear or disdain for homosexuality. That is why the media tended to support the already common perceptions, instead of challenging them (Montgomery, 1981). According to Kanter (2012), since the start of television programming, the forms of LGBT characters in entertainment or popular culture have both been limited. If they did exist, they were either exaggeratingly stereotypical, or associated with criminality or deviance. All the way through the 1980s, gay characters were seen on television as cameo roles with particular problems that hold almost non-existent lives, absent of desire or relationships. With the spread of the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) epidemic, starting in the 1980s and into the 1990s, homosexuals were portrayed in more substantial, reoccurring roles (Netzley, 2010). Jackson Gilbertson (2009) explained that versions of the media lesbian that preceded her contemporary incarnation as hot typically cast her in stereotypical and undesirable ways, for example as masculine and unattractive (Wilton, 1995; Ciasullo, 2001). Dow (2001) notes how the lesbian on television historically occupied a fleeting space as an object of humor or as a villain. In her contemporary guise, the media lesbian can most often be seen as constituted within post-feminist discourses that produce women as sexually desiring, sexually plural, and self-pleasing (McRobbie, 1996). Gamson (1995) encouraged the homosexuals to tell their views in the talk shows. Talk show is the place where they get the attention they want and rise out their views which they cannot get in other ways. He is also the only spot in mainstream media culture where it is possible for non-heterosexuals to speak for themselves. A study shows the changes in attitudes towards homosexuality in the United State through fashion in public opinion polls.   The results were considered by  issues connected to homosexuality which integrated legal status, morality, acceptability, causes, familiarity with self-identified homosexuals, as well as views on both military and nonmilitary occupations, civil rights, marriage and adoption rights, and AIDS. This also concluded that community behavior have shifted in a free-thinking path (Yang, 1997). 2.2 LGBT Youngsters Engagement with New Media Past research had supported the idea that the Internet is frequently a lifeline in the development of sexual health among LGBT young people (Hillier Harrison, 2007). Many of them first come out online, and report learning about sexual behaviours, pursuing friendships with other LGBT young people, and exploring same-sex attraction online (Harper, Bruce, Serrano, Jamil, 2009; Hillier Harrison, 2007). Social networking tools had been widely used among youngsters in getting sexual health information. Importantly, social networking tools do not only allow researchers and practitioners to receive and provide information, but also allow the LGBT young people to exchange information and experiences with LGBT peers, engendering broader development of their sexual health (Bargh McKenna, 2004). This opportunity allows for a greater chance for LGBT young people to test out identities and gather information in a more controlled, private environment than is typical among general Internet resources or large social networking sites (Joshua, Louisa, Samantha Brian, 2011). According to Wilkerson (1994), there several types of homophobic attitudes like the treatment of people with human immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) about ways in which HIV is transmitted, media representation of AIDS and the way the medicines purpose reinforces a positive view inimical to lesbians and bisexuals. African-American news websites are growing in influence in terms of the number and loyalty of the unique visitors they attract. Homophobia and discrimination are the top storylines on the African-American news websites we analyzed, followed by culture, religion, and same-sex marriage in equal measure (Siegel, 2012). 2.3 Health Issues among LGBT Community By the 1990s, lesbian, the LGBT youth have appeared only as a separate cultural group. There are quite few youth identified themself or turn as LGBT since social sanctions and stigma contributed to severe repercussions and isolation, limiting access to supportive communities and awareness of sexual and gender identities in the earlier periods. However, only a handful addressed the needs of youths although a range of lesbian and gay service organizations developed in large cities during the 1970s and 1980s. According to Makadon (2008), elimination of health disparities among LGBT individuals, also collectively called sexual minorities, is a critical need for focus on their health. LGBT populations are disproportionately at risk for violent hate crimes, sexually transmitted infections (STIs) including HIV/ AIDS, a variety of mental health conditions, substance abuse and certain cancers. However, LGBT patients frequently encounter problems with access to quality health services, experiences disparities in screening for chronic conditions, and report a lack of counseling pertinent to actual lifestyle behaviors. Historically, homosexuality has been judged quite harshly due to cultural and religious taboos. The Pew Research Centres 2003 Global Attitudes Survey found that the majority of people in Western European and major Latin American countries (Mexico, Argentina, Bolivia and Brazil) believe that homosexuality should be accepted by society, while most Russians, Poles and Ukrainians disagreed, and people in Africa and the Middle East objected strongly. Meanwhile, majority of Americans believe that homosexuality should be accepted (Makadon, 2008). Stigma, prejudice and discrimination create a stressful social environment that can lead to a variety of health problems among LGBT group. In LGBT group, minority stress is caused by (a) an external, objective traumatic event, such as being assaulted or being fired from a job; (b) the expectation of rejection and development of vigilance in interactions with others; (c) the internalization of negative societal attitudes (also known as internalized homophobia, transphobia, or biphobia); and (d) the concealment of gender identity or sexual orientation out of shame and guilt or to protect oneself from real harm. In addition, research shows a relationship between internalized homophobia/biphobia and various forms of self-harm, including eating disorders, high-risk sexual activity, substance abuse and suicide (Makadon, 2008). According to Rosan (1978), homophobia is a shortened form of homophilephobia, which means the fear of person neither of ones own sex, clearly not the connotation giv en to these terms in common parlance nor in professional literature. Garner (2008; as cited in Mulick Wright Jr., 2003) describes biphobia as psychological construct of negative attitudes towards bisexual individuals and bisexuality in general. In Malaysia, the rising trend of sexual transmission from 5.3% in 1990 to 22.15% in 2005 (Ministry of Health AIDS/STD Section) indicates that the situation could expand into a general epidemic. Furthermore, the proportion of women infected has risen from 1.4% in 1990 to 14.5% in 2005 (Ministry of Health AIDS/STD Section). Indeed, the female to male ratio of new infections has narrowed substantially. In sharp contrast to men, 64% of HIV infections in women were sexually transmitted. The result of HIV situation has an emergency need to go for gender-sensitive national respond by Malaysia government (Zulkifli, Lee, Yun, Lin, 2007). To do better in lend a hand to LGBT group for their healthcare, people should spend more time and attention to learn about LGBT health and obtain support in making educational improvements. Explanation focus on the clinician-patient relationship and address all threes domains of learning which comprised of attitudes, knowledge and skills would help clinicians to provide better care to LGBT patients. Attitudes have a major effect on health outcomes. Attention to attitudes requires growth in the affective arena. For clinicians, this involves developing awareness of and respect for a patients differences and willingness to listen empathically to that persons experience (Makadon, 2008). 2.4 LGBT involvement in international human rights Under international human rights law, all persons who including LGBT community are entitled to equal rights, including the rights to life, security of person and privacy, freedom from torture, arbitrary arrest and detention, and the right to be free from discrimination (The Road To Safety, 2012). There are more than 80 countries still maintaining the laws that make same-sex consensual relations between adults a criminal offence. In year 2008, such laws were used in Morocco to convict six men, after allegations that a private party they had attended was a gay marriage. On 19 July 2007, six men were arrested after a young man who had been arrested on theft charges was coerced by police into naming associates who were presumed to be homosexual (OFlaherty Fisher, 2008). According to journal The Road to Safety (2012), LGBT refugees in Uganda and Kenya are among the most vulnerable of refugee populations. Due to their sexual orientation or gender identity, they can be targeted for violence by other refugees and some members of the host populations, harassed and extorted by police officers, and marginalized from accessing services from government institutions, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), or the U.N. High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). According to Julie (2006), LGBT advocates have engaged in two very different kinds of activities on the international human rights stage. First, they have engaged in traditional human rights activism, using the traditional human rights techniques of monitoring and reporting to apply existing human rights norms to LGBT lives. These rights included the right to privacy in the criminal law context; the right to equality; the right to family; the right to non-discrimination; the right to freedom from torture (applicable in cases of forcible cures for homosexuality and psychiatric mistreatment generally); and the right of transsexuals to recognition of their new gender. Second, they have tapped into both traditional monitoring techniques and human rights culture-building efforts to promote new international human rights that are important to LGBT lives, including the right to sexuality. Until the mid- to late-1990s, most of LGBT advocates that involved in the international work on gay rights were also working with LGBT-specific organizations, such as the International Lesbian and Gay Association (ILGA). This organization was found in 1978 in Brussels as a world federation organization, and today it is joined by more than 500 gay and lesbian organizations from ninety countries on all inhabited continents. From its inception, ILGA has focused on presenting discrimination on grounds of sexual orientation as a global issue. Another prominent group during this era was the International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission (IGLHRC), founded originally in 1990 by Russian and US activists and now a US-based organization with offices in San Francisco, New York, and Buenos Aires (Julie, 2006). 2.5 Seksualiti Merdeka in Malaysia The rejection of homosexuality by Malaysian law and culture leads to the rise of human rights to the LGBT people. An increasing integration of Islamic political thinking and practice that builds on literal interpretations of Islamic textual sources is the main reason for why LGBT rights are neglected. Muslims who are under group of LGBT facing politically charged from conservative of normative Islamic discourses on sexuality and gender. To fight for their rights, LGBT community in Malaysia had formed Seksualiti Merdeka or Sexuality Independence in the year 2008, founded by Pang Khee Teik and Jerome Kugan. Seksualiti Merdeka is an annual sexuality rights festival held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, and represents a coalition of Malaysian Non-Government Organizations which included Malaysian Bar Council, Suara Rakyat Malaysia (SUARAM), Empower, Pink Triangle Foundation (PT Foundation), United Nations, Amnesty International and general public. The term used to highlight the fact that even after Malaysia independence, not all Malaysians are free to be who they are. The organization believes that everyone in Malaysia deserves to be free from discrimination, harassment and violence for their sexual orientations and their gender identities. They believe it is our right to be responsible for our own body and believe everyone is entitled to the freedom to love and the freedom to be, whether gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender, i ntersexes, straight, asexual, pansexual, or simply fabulous (Sexualiti Merdeka, n.d.). Being a Muslim-majority country, Malaysia would have to reiterate its strong objections to a policy that clearly contradicts the principles enshrined in the religion of Islam. On November 3, 2011, police banned Seksualiti Merdeka as the festival was deemed a threat to national security and a threat to public order. Co-founder of Seksualiti Merdeka Pang Khee Teik said that they are not trying to promote homosexuality. This festival is actually the chance for Malaysians to listen to their story, why after all these years of trying to be somebody else, some of them have found peace with themselves and to accept who they are (Chun, 2011). According to Mosbergen (2012), on September 2012, Malaysias Education Ministry has endorsed guidelines to help parents identify gay and lesbian symptoms in their children. The guidelines are as below:- Symptoms of gays: Likes having a fit body and likes to show off by wearing V-neck and sleeveless clothes; A preference for tight and bright-colored clothes; Attraction to men; and A preference for carrying big handbags, similar to those used by women. Symptoms of lesbians: Attraction to women; Besides their female companions, they tend to distance themselves from other women; A preference for going out, having meals etc. with women and a preference for sleeping in the company of women; Not attracted to men Pang Khee Teik, however disagreed with the guidelines and he advised the ministry to rely on sound research instead of endorsing pseudo-experts as this could be damaging to children. Pang said education is an important tool to address inequality but the ministry had instead sought to use it for teaching hate, promoting inequality and playing politics. Besides that, the ministry should teach all children to be confident and to respect one another, no matter who they are. Seksualiti Merdeka thus was prepared to brief the Education Ministry if its officers were willing to listen to reliable research on the LGBT community (Asia One, 2012). 2.6 Online discussion of sexuality According to Mckee (2004), in one of the  ¬Ã‚ rst published articles addressing online discussions of sexuality, the homophobic comments made by composition students using the synchronous chat program interchange to brainstorm possible topics for a research essay (as cited in Regan, 1993). When a student raised homosexuality as a possible topic, a number of students posted homophobic comments: Were taught that homosexuality is a sin; A homosexual once made a move on me. I really didnt like it. I mean I really didnt like it! and To whoever was thinking about the topics of death and homosexuality, heres a thought, why not join together and do a project on the death of homosexuals? Not by AIDS. At the time of the exchange, the researcher Regan was unsure what to do when confronted with these comments, but she did try to redirect the conversation by interjecting, Has anyone thought about writing about homophobia? but it does not seem that her efforts were successful at redirecting what she called socially sanctioned classroom terrorism (McKee, 2004). Regan was distressed that the online environment enabled students to articulate their fear and hatred of homosexuals in a way that would not have happened in the traditional classroom, and she concluded that online spaces are not egalitarian, as was frequently claimed at the time. 2.7 Discrimination towards LGBT group in Malaysian Context Malaysia is one of the countries that illegalized homosexuality. Among the reasons for the country`s disapproval of homosexuality is its status as an Islamic nation, where everything that goes against the Islamic law and teaching is strictly prohibited and thus, condemned. According to Goh (2012), the rejection of same-sex behavior is not one that has emerged from a socio-political vacuum. Sexuality is considered taboo (Goh, 2012; as cited in Jerome, 2008) and appears to have a prominent place in the psyche of many Malaysians, notably institutional quadrants of Islam. Islamic civil and religious authorities closely observed on Muslims in Malaysia, ravaging the sexual lives of Muslims that are as private as khalwat (illicit close proximity) and zina (illicit sex or adultery) (Lee, 2010:31). In the Malaysian legal context, male homosexuality or gayness as a globally-recognized cultural trope has no direct equivalence to sexual identitiesà £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ Section 377A, 377B and 377C of the Malaysian Penal Code make provisions against acts of sodomy or liwat without being gender-specific, although it is in section 2 of the Syariah Criminal Offences (Federal Territory) Act 1997 that one discovers a clearly-defined morphology of liwat as sexual relations be tween male persons (Goh, 2012). Uproars over male homosexuality in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries came into prominence with two major events. First is the sodomy charges of the former Malaysian Deputy Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahim and second is the festival celebrating the human rights of sexually-diverse persons, Seksualiti Merdeka. Raging debates on homosexuality in relation to Anwar (Kanaraju, 2007) and the banning of Seksualiti Merdeka in 2011 (Shazwan, 2011) caused innumerable forums on men`s masculinities population to mushroom among the Malaysian. Back in the year 1992, the Prime Minister, Dr. Mahathir Mohamad made the statement that democracy would lead to homosexuality (Offord, 1999). Dr Mahathir used the conflation of homosexuality with democracy to consolidate Malaysias cultural borders (and its postcolonial status), so that Malaysian people can maintain the pureness and uniqueness. Dr Mahathir is drawn on cultural specificity in this context to explain the indigenous from the foreign, and homosexuality is conceived of as alien and other. It is in this sense that Anwar Ibrahim is bothered by the use of the accusation that he is homosexual. Anwar has been notable for his liberal views about democracy and transparent government (The Asian Renaissance, 1996). To simply do away with opposition and perceived threats to his authoritarian rule, Dr. Mahathir can inscribe upon his enemy the descriptor of homosexual (Offord, 1999). Prior to the Asia-Pacific Economic Co-operation (APEC) leaders summit in Kuala Lumpur in late 1998, amid the controversial jailing of Anwar and civil unrest and demonstrations, the role of homosexuality as a political and cultural tool of difference was propounded strongly by the Malaysian Foreign Minister, Dr Abdullah Badawi. It was his contention that sodomy was a serious offence in Malaysia; it was against the countrys religious and social values (The Weekend Australian, 1998). Dr Badawi maintained that in certain places in Europe, and perhaps Australia and America, they do not treat it as something big but to Malaysia, it is bad consider as a scandal. Following Dr Mahathirs accusations against Anwar, a Peoples Anti-Homosexual Voluntary Movement was formed to combat the dangers of homosexuality. In one blow Dr Mahathir succeeded in undermining Anwars credibility and deployed homosexuality as the number one impossibility. Anwar, also a Muslim, entrenched the perceived, corrupting value of homosexuality by asserting in the Time interview that his character was assassinated by this descriptor (Offord, 1999). Therefore in Southeast Asia today, this is one sense of where homosexuality is located, something that is demonized, and deeply disturbed. It is conflated at once with democracy, corruption, and foreignness. It does seem clear that when the nation state perceives a threat to its existence, that danger is frequently translated into sexualized terms. Same sex sexuality is deployed as the alien other, linked to conspiracy, recruitment, opposition to the nation, and ultimately a threat to civilization (Offord, 1999). 2.8 Theory applies between relationship of Media and LGBT Community Media plays a very important role in human life, where people get more of information they need from it. Therefore, to be more understand the influence of media on youths perceptions and opinions about homosexuality, the study chooses to employ framing theory. The concept of framing has been variously attributed to sociologist Erving Goffman and anthropologist Gregory Bateson. Frames allow journalists or media in general cover and package issue. The choice of journalists who shelter a story can influence the way issues are framed. The theory describe that the message framer has the choice of what is to be emphasized in the message, as the view through a window is emphasized by where the carpenter frames, or places, the window. If the window had been placed, or framed, on a different wall, the view would be different (Botan Hazleton, 2006). Acco

Essay --

Ken Griffey Jr., Barry Bonds, Ozzie Smith, and Tony Gwynn; What do they all have in common? They are all some of the most famous African-American baseball players to ever play in the Major Leagues. One man, though, made it possible for all of them to play in the Major Leagues. That man’s name is Jackie Robinson. Although Jackie Robinson faced many adversities throughout his lifetime, he persevered and became the first African-American in Major League Baseball, breaking the color barrier and changing the world of baseball forever. Jack Roosevelt Robinson was born on January 31, 1919, in Cairo, Georgia, to Jerry and Mallie Robinson. President Theodore Roosevelt, who died twenty-five days before Robinson was born, was the inspiration for his middle name (42 Facts). Robinson’s first stint with adversity came just six months after he was born when his father abandoned the family and ran off to Texas with the neighbor’s wife. Robinson and his four older siblings were raised single-handedly by their mother. After his dad deserted the family, Robinson’s mother decided to sell what little they had and move herself and her children in with her brother in Pasadena, California (Robinson, Jackie). While his mother was at work, Robinson would go to school with his older sister, Willa Mae, but since he was not old enough to be enrolled, he would often times have to sit in the sandbox outside of the school all day. Robinson’s first encounter with racial scrutiny came when he was about eight year s old. He was sweeping the sidewalk when a little white neighbor girl shouted â€Å"Nigger, nigger, nigger!† at him. He was old enough to know how to respond and did so by calling the little girl â€Å"cracker.† Her father stormed out of the house to confront Rob... ...ican TV sports analyst. He broadcasted for ABC’s MLB Game of the Week in 1965 (42 Facts). On October 24, 1972, Robinson died from complications of diabetes in Stamford, Connecticut, at the age of 53. Many people say the diabetes worsened because of the stress he was under throughout his life. In June of that year, the Dodgers retired Robinson’s uniform number of 42 and all the teams in the league began to follow and also retire the number 42. Baseball would be extremely different than it is now if it was not for Jackie Robinson. He did not just break the color barrier, he showed this country that if you never give up, great things can happen. He brought whites and blacks together in a time where it was hard to do such a thing. Jackie Robinson will always be one of the greatest baseball players in the history of the game. After all, he was pushed to be the greatest.

Hometown

Hometown is a  place we live in. It is the place which means a  lot for us and that’s why it is important to think about how to make it a better place. As I  am thinking about what I  miss in my hometown, I  realize it is a  bathing pool. Bathing pool is a  place the people can go over the summer, the place where they can relax and also the place where they can get healthy. Many young people in Piestany are very bored over the summer holiday, because they don’t have the place to go.They are bored and feel very hot, and that is the reason they spend so much time in their houses doing nothing productive. Having a  bathing pool could definitely entertain them and contribute to a happy society. As in a  lot of big cities, in my city there are a  lot of adults who are permanently stressed from the work and need a  place to take a  rest, relax and forget about the daily stresses. The bathing pool over the summer can provide an effective way to cool dow n.As well as over the winter, the hot healing water in the pool can provide an effective way to warm and heal the person. Piestany is a spa city which has a lot of healing thermal springs. If they can make a bathing pool combined with the thermal water, it can be a good place for all the citizens of my city. Basically, the bathing pool with the healing water can contribute on making our society healthier. In summarize, having a bathing pool in my hometown would be a great way how to make the citizens in in the city happy, relaxed and healthy. Hometown Hometown is a  place we live in. It is the place which means a  lot for us and that’s why it is important to think about how to make it a better place. As I  am thinking about what I  miss in my hometown, I  realize it is a  bathing pool. Bathing pool is a  place the people can go over the summer, the place where they can relax and also the place where they can get healthy. Many young people in Piestany are very bored over the summer holiday, because they don’t have the place to go.They are bored and feel very hot, and that is the reason they spend so much time in their houses doing nothing productive. Having a  bathing pool could definitely entertain them and contribute to a happy society. As in a  lot of big cities, in my city there are a  lot of adults who are permanently stressed from the work and need a  place to take a  rest, relax and forget about the daily stresses. The bathing pool over the summer can provide an effective way to cool dow n.As well as over the winter, the hot healing water in the pool can provide an effective way to warm and heal the person. Piestany is a spa city which has a lot of healing thermal springs. If they can make a bathing pool combined with the thermal water, it can be a good place for all the citizens of my city. Basically, the bathing pool with the healing water can contribute on making our society healthier. In summarize, having a bathing pool in my hometown would be a great way how to make the citizens in in the city happy, relaxed and healthy.

Analysis Of Tui Operations In The Vacation Industry Tourism Essay Essays

Analysis Of Tui Operations In The Vacation Industry Tourism Essay Essays Analysis Of Tui Operations In The Vacation Industry Tourism Essay Essay Analysis Of Tui Operations In The Vacation Industry Tourism Essay Essay The touristry industry is one of the biggest industries. It has batch of growing in the past and its growing is increasing. There are batch of characteristics and deductions of this industry. The TUI is one of the biggest companies runing in the touristry industry today. The figure of tourers sing different parts of the universe is increasing twenty-four hours by twenty-four hours with the addition in population. Tourism is non merely an industry, it is a avocation besides. The people visit new topographic points and like find new topographic points to see. With the addition in population there is a uninterrupted addition in the tourers besides. There are many deductions in touristry industry. These deductions are depending upon the geographic locations, demographics of the tourers, fiscal and wellness and safety conditions. The TUI is one of the biggest operators in touristry industry with their services around 180 states. The chief caput office is in UK but it has its operations in other parts of the universe every bit good. The different type of operators in the touristry industry has different types of deductions depending upon the altering concern environment. There are different types of companies which have their operations in different parts of the universe and there is an addition in their operations in figure of states. This addition shows the addition in the figure of tourers and increase in the tendency of touristry. Similarly, different authoritiess are increasing their support to the touristry industry. TUI is working in four sectors. The chief watercourse is the largest sector in footings of size, employee Numberss and fiscal public presentation. It includes the taking circuit operators. ( www.tuitravelplc.com ) The chief line working is on the sale of chief watercourse vacations, gross re venues of flights and adjustment and auto hire. The other sector is the specializer and emerging markets sector. This sector is an international portfolio of travel concerns concentrating on specific finishs, premium travel experiences or peculiar client demographic sections frequently with differentiated and sole merchandise. The 3rd sector on which TUI is working is activity sector. This Sector has over 40 activity travel concerns that operate under five divisions Marine, Adventure, Ski, Student and Sport. Each of these divisions has market-leading places. The Adventure concerns take more clients to iconic escapade finishs than any other operator. The Sport concerns are leaders in supporter-led cricket and rugger Tourss in Australia and the UK, while the Student concerns encompass everything from the traditional school trip to France, to trek vacations for groups of immature grownups in the Himalayas.A This Sector besides includes the taking yacht trade names in Europe and the US and the universe s largest ski operator. Top merchandising trade names include Crystal Ski, Moorings and Le Boat. The 4th sector is accommodation and finishs sector. The Accommodation A ; Destinations Sector sells and provides a scope of services in finish to tour operators, travel agents, corporate clients, and direct to the consumer worldwide. The Accommodation A ; Destinations Sector sells and provides a scope of services in finish to tour operators, travel agents, corporate clients, and direct to the consumer worldwide. ( Simon Coleman A ; Mike Crang, Tourism ) Deductions to TUI The travel and touristry industry is the fastest turning industry in the universe with batch of possible. The TUI s sustainable development in the touristry and travel industry shows its credibleness and committedness towards clients. The vision of TUI is really much clear from their end that is to make superior stockholder value by being the universe s prima leisure travel group supplying clients with the widest pick of differentiated and flexible travel experiences to run into their altering demands. There is sustainable development in the touristry industry and TUI aspires to take in sustainable development within the leisure travel industry. The scheme development for sustainable development in TUI is through a procedure which involves research and function which includes fact base of cardinal sustainable development issues. It involves SWOT analysis i.e. strength, failings, chances and menaces analysis. The procedure involves the prioritization of issues which involves sector co ordinators prioritized cardinal issues for TUI Travel. The procedure of sustainable development involves the appraisal of current patterns which includes the group sustainable development study. It includes the definition of strategic precedences and the induction of work watercourses and schemes. The TUI s sustainable development policy says that as a prima leisure travel company, they recognize that the environment, communities and civilizations within which we operate are critical to the success of our concern. Responsible Leadership is one of the company s nucleus values, and underscores their committedness to sustainable development and to doing a positive impact on society. The things which are committed by the TUI sing their sustainable development policy are to implant sustainable development rules into nucleus concern patterns throughout TUI Travel. They are committed to utilize the corporate influence of TUI Travel to drive sustainability within the leisure travel industry . To understand and esteem the demands of our stakeholders, including clients, co-workers, stockholders, providers, industry spouses and local communities. To follow with all relevant statute law, act in progress of it where possible, and maintain gait with best pattern and to present long-run strategic benefit and stockholder value by maximising the chances that sustainable development nowadayss. In add-on to these they are committed to work to forestall pollution wherever possible, and continually better our environmental public presentation, specifically by cut downing our C emanations through work plans with our aircraft, H2O conveyance, hotels, land conveyance and office premises. To optimise our vacations environmental, economic and societal impact, by implanting sustainability into our supply concatenation and initiating activities that protect and restore the natural environment and heighten local supports. To supply information, preparation and support to co-workers, deriv ing their committedness to taking action on sustainable development issues and to promote their clients to take more sustainable leisure travel options, and to take action to cut down their negative impacts and maximise their positive impacts in finishs. This shows that TUI understands its corporate societal duty. Changing Business Environment The touristry has the possible to increase national and international economic systems and besides aid to protect ecosystems. The tourer demographics are really much involved in the changing concern environment. The altering economic conditions have their consequence on touristry but these altering economic conditions have non much consequence on the figure of tourers. ( Dennis M. Brown, Rural Tourism ) . The figure of tourers is increasing twenty-four hours by twenty-four hours. There is a alteration in the economic conditions of different people due to recession but the pick to see new topographic points has non much consequence. The alteration is an on-going procedure and there is a alteration in the environment and the climatic conditions. The type of alteration affects the type of tourers sing the new topographic points. As compared to the last decennary there is an addition in the figure of tourers sing the new topographic points. The tourers vary from different age groups, cul tural backgrounds, different occupation sectors and holding different economic conditions. In this altering concern environment the TUI has to alter its touristry schemes. The schemes depend upon the geographic countries and the mark market. Accomplishments of TUI The TUI emerged as a biggest company in the touristry industry. Geting a start from a little company, it is now a biggest circuit operator holding its operations in different parts of the universe. The TUI s accomplishments in going a biggest company in the universe are due to its variegation and sustainable growing. The TUI has uninterrupted growing from the really get downing boulder clay onwards. From the formation of TUI till the acquisition of large companies, TUI is the market leader in the touristry industry. It has now more than 200 touristry trade names in the universe. All these are now under one umbrella and that is TUI. In 2002, the TUI air direction was created and this was created in order to pull off the six group air hoses centrally. In the same twelvemonth it was voted to call it as TUI AG and the same twelvemonth the complete return over of Nouvelles Frontieres was done by TUI. The following twelvemonth, the new cost film editing program was introduced by the group and it involves aiming annual nest eggs of around 260 million euro in 2003 and 100 million euro in 2004. There was a slack in touristry in 2003 but in order to set that slack this plan was introduced by the group. In the average clip, no other circuit operator had achieved a taking place in the European touristry market. The circuit operators were most exposed to the economic downswing because they were holding their fixed assets and were unable to pull off the losingss. Another measure was taken by TUI when the TUI China was launched for the Chinese tourers sing Germany and a twelvemonth subsequently the TUI opened its first low cost travel bureau in Hamburg. Everything was done on the topographic point and on the topographic point information was given for vacations. In 2004, TUI entered the Russian circuit operator market. A practical circuit operator was launched by the TUI in the undermentioned twelvemonth. This was new measure because this clip, the TUI start selling online an d through electronic media and call centres. Following twelvemonth, it entered the Indian market and the same twelvemonth it bought the complete portions of the Canadian container transporting line. The twelvemonth 2005 was the most of import twelvemonth for TUI when it becomes the biggest circuit operator in Europe. The different types of bundles were introduced by TUI. The most selling bundle was the standard bundle which includes air transit, hotel adjustment, choice and bead service from the airdrome to the hotel and the optional points such as repasts, insurance and jaunts were included. The continuance of the stay was fixed and the hired planes provided the choice and bead service. The monetary value of this bundle was really much competitory therefore it was the most successful bundle by the TUI and captured the major market portion. The circuit operators converted it into a mass market concern. At that clip the group owned about 3500 travel bureaus in different states. It ha s 75 circuit operators active in 18 European markets and it owned more than 100 aircraft with holding control of assorted air hoses. In the twelvemonth two 1000 and five, the TUI was besides the biggest hotelkeeper with 285 hotels and some 163,000 beds. It becomes figure 13 in the ranking of the biggest hotel ironss around the universe. At the same clip the group owned 37 entrance bureaus holding more than 5000 staff. The circuit ushers were from more than 70 states. ( Krishan K. Kamra, Tourism ) . They manage and organize the travel to and from the airdrome and it were due to the effectual direction that TUI becomes the largest market leader in the touristry industry. At that clip the group was besides holding its four sail line drives. The group was besides active in the transportation concern largely in logistics and containers. The figure of human resources working in the group increased twenty-four hours by twenty-four hours with the enlargement of the concern. These employees were in different sections and they were holding their different functions but holding the same nonsubjective i.e. to develop the concern of the group. The group had a strong clasp on the European touristry market in 2005. The TUI has the largest market portion in the touristry industry in Europe. The success of the TUI is all due to its human resources. The enlargement of the TUI was due to its acquisitions of the markets and the deductions of the TUI were due to the altering concern environment. The TUI s enlargement and going the market leader in the touristry industry shows that there is batch of possible in the touristry industry. Decision The analysis of the TUI s instance shows that the touristry industry is the fastest turning industry in the universe. The TUI has developed itself through its enlargement in the new concern lines and by geting the new concerns. It developed it self by presenting new merchandises and aiming new markets. The trained human resource helped it to turn and it besides helped it to go the market leader. The analysis shows that TUI has its success in going the market leader because it has the largest market portion. In the old old ages the touristry industry has its growing at the one-year gait of 4.1 per centum. The enlargement of the touristry industry shows a new tendency. The touristry industry s part to the gross domestic merchandise can be calculated by the gross generated by the tourers. The touristry industry has batch of atomization and it has a big figure of little concerns. This industry is of critical importance to the planetary economic system. The figure below shows the UK s por tion in universe touristry during the 1980 to 1999. ( Laura Bardgett, The touristry industry ) There are figure of factors involved in finding the touristry. These include the economic conditions. If the people in a state have good economical conditions, they will see new topographic points and if they do nt hold much money to pass they will non travel anyplace. The other of import factor is the cost of life and traveling. Some states have high rates on the VAT on the hotel and there is a lessening in the figure of tourers sing those states. The geographical conditions are besides an of import factor. If a state has good geographical location and it has different historical topographic points to see so the tourers will be willing to see that state. ( Roger Doswell, Tourism, How effectual direction makes the difference ) . The jurisprudence and order and wellness and safety issues are involved in finding the figure of tourers sing the new topographic points. A state holding no jurisprudence and order issue and holding good wellness and safety will be targeted by the tourers. Th e tourers prefer to see those states which are peaceable and the people of those states are good hosts. The civilization is an of import factor which determines the figure of tourers sing the new topographic points. A rich cultural heritage is ever an attractive force for the tourers. The tourers prefer to see those states and those topographic points which have some cultural heritage. The TUI has addressed all these factors and it has developed its merchandises harmonizing to the client s demands and wants. The TUI s client relationship direction helped it to derive more market portion. The TUI has addressed and targeted different countries in different parts of the universe. The enlargement of the TUI from Europe to Asia and from Canada to America is made possible due to its selling direction and the entrepreneurial accomplishments. The factor which is besides more of import in finding the tendency of tourers is the efficient bundle by the travel company which means that the maxim al installations should be provided the company under lower limit costs involved. Therefore, the tourers attract towards those companies who design the vacation s bundle harmonizing to the demands of the clients. The fulfilment of the demands of the client help the clients to prosecute with the company and in this manner the company acquire new concerns and develop its concerns. The TUI s success is besides made possible through its cost effectual plans and its bundles. The TUI has become the market leader and gained the maximal market portion. The environmental factor is besides involved in the touristry industry. The states holding good environment are most visited states by the tourers and the TUI has designed its bundles harmonizing to the different environment and climatic conditions in different parts of the universe. The tourers are sing Africa and Australia in different parts of the twelvemonth and likewise they are sing Europe and Canada in different parts of the twelvemont h. The clip factor is involved in finding which portion should be visited during what clip of the twelvemonth. The TUI has addressed this issue besides. The enlargement in different concern lines besides helped the TUI to prolong and develop as a market leader. It introduces different merchandises in the transportation industry every bit good and likewise carry throughing the demands of the clients it introduces its ain sail line. The TUI has its ain hotel concatenation and it has its ain planes. This makes it differentiable from its rivals and gave an border to go the market leader and derive maximal market portion. The success of TUI in the touristry industry will transport on every bit long as it will prolong it self by carry throughing the demands and wants of the tourers. Change is ever there and the best thing is to pull off that alteration. There is a batch of alteration in the touristry industry in the last decennary and this alteration has its drastic effects on the differe nt companies but the lone companies survive which has done the alteration direction. The TUI has become the largest company in the Europe due to its market enlargement and acquiring the maximal market portion due to its selling direction. The success will transport on if the same rules will be followed in the hereafter and the on-going alteration in the concern environment will be decently managed because alteration is an on-going procedure and the best thing is to pull off that alteration.

Gold and Silver Pennies Chemistry Project

Gold and Silver Pennies Chemistry Project All you need are a couple of common chemicals to turn your normal copper-colored pennies (or another mainly-copper object) from copper to silver and then to gold. No, the coins wont really be silver or gold. The actual metal involved is zinc. This project is easy to do. While I dont recommend it for very young kids, Id consider it appropriate for kids ages third grade and older, with adult supervision. Materials Needed for this Project clean pennies zinc metal (preferably powder) sodium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide solutiontweezers or tongscontainer of water source of heat/flame Note: Supposedly you can substitute galvanized nails for the zinc and Dranoâ„ ¢ for the sodium hydroxide, but I was unable to get this project to work using nails and drain cleaner. How to Make Silver Pennies Pour a spoonful of zinc (1-2 grams) into a small beaker or evaporating dish containing water.Add a small quantity of sodium hydroxide.Alternatively, you could add zinc to a 3M NaOH solution.Heat the mixture to near-boiling, then remove it from heat.Add clean pennies to the solution, spacing them so that they are not touching each other.Wait 5-10 minutes for them to turn silver, then use tongs to remove the pennies from the solution.Rinse the pennies in water, then set them on a towel to dry.You can examine the pennies once you have rinsed them. This chemical reaction plates the copper in the penny with zinc. This is called galvanization. The zinc reacts with the hot sodium hydroxide solution to form soluble sodium zincate, Na2ZnO2, which is converted to metallic zinc when it touches the surface of the penny. How to Make the Silver Pennies turn Gold Grasp a silver penny with tongs.Gently heat the penny in the outer (cool) part of a burner flame or with a lighter or candle (or even set it on a hotplate).Remove the penny from heat as soon as it changes color.Rinse the gold penny under water to cool it. Heating the penny fuses the zinc and copper to form an alloy called brass. Brass is a homogeneous metal that varies from 60-82% Cu and from 18-40% Zn. Brass has a relatively low melting point, so the coating can be destroyed by heating the penny for too long. Safety Information Please use proper safety precautions. Sodium hydroxide is caustic. I recommend conducting this project under a fume hood or outdoors. Wear gloves and protective eyewear to prevent getting splashed by the sodium hydroxide solution.

History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 12

History - Essay Example She points out not only how this would reduce the amount of waste in the inner city, but would also create decent jobs for people living in these areas which has the further effect of reducing crime and other inner city issues. Despite the multiple win situation this presents, she said that the city of New York has told them the site would be much better utilized as a state prison facility, bringing the morale of the community down, reducing the level of good that can be provided and increasing the number of individuals who, because of lack of decent employment opportunities, turn to crime as the best means of supporting themselves. As a result of this discussion, I decided to find out just how much the economy would be damaged if the government took a more active role in reducing greenhouse gases and other global environmental threats by making changes to the emissions laws. The rising global temperature is and will continue to cause major changes to the environment which in turn will negatively affect the U.S. economy to an extent that can only be speculative. What is known is that the impact will be nothing short of catastrophic regarding both the earth and economy. Only by quickly implementing alternative sources of automobile fuel and electricity on a large scale can this looming disaster be averted. Worldwide, carbon dioxide emissions are creating widespread health impacts even as greater numbers of people begin using cars for longer distances (Dearry, 2004: A600). Eighty percent of the world’s population accounts for just 35 percent of CO2 emissions while the United States is responsible for generating nearly half of this amount. Automobiles are the main cause of air pollution with toxins emitted from stacks at coal-burning electric power plants running a close second (Dahl, 2005: A239). In addition to CO2 emissions, vehicles emit carbon mo noxides (CO), hydrocarbons (HC) and nitrogen oxides (NOx),

Industrialization Movement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Industrialization Movement - Essay Example The US adopted the free market policy and private enterprise flourished. Fordism and post-Fordism assisted in the industrialization of the high order. However, banks operated with great conservatism and companies were forced to make quick profits and improve their value if they had to obtain financial support (Hutton, W 1995)Companies could downsize at will as per market requirements and as a consequence labour fetched high wages. It achieved economies of scale, had an active and vibrant financial market, a vast pool of skilled labour force, institutions of the state supporting labour welfare and the capitalist system was established as the dominant force of Industrialization (Hutton, W 1995). Post-1945, for its own sake to avoid recession, the US supported the industrialization movement in war-wrecked Europe which also adopted the free market policies of competition for rebuilding its industry, but due to its cultural and political makeup of consensus building, they adopted a more socialistic outlook. Lead by Germany and closely followed by Austria, Holland and Switzerland they industrialized with cooperation between all stakeholders, the financial institutions, the entrepreneurs and the labour, who had power-sharing representation on company boards (Hutton, W 1995). The respective governments also looked at this arrangement benignly as they themselves were products of national coalitions and consensus was of paramount importance. They invested heavily in social welfare. The result was that profit was not the prime motive but sharing of profits was more important. Labour was therefore content with less, and so was the banks that held large shares in the companies and ens ured their survival as vital stakeholders. Japan was a unique model of late industrialization.

How would have Robert Moses reacted to the economic development Essay

How would have Robert Moses reacted to the economic development imperative - Essay Example â€Å"Governance of the city political system involves a complex set of functions around three broad themes: democratic accountability, the delivery of public goods and services and the maintenance of civil harmony.† (Berg 1) The book by Berg talks about the New York City’s economic development in great depth. According to Berg the city’s political environment depends on the elected leaders and their policies. The policies should result in the formation of a sound system that provides goods and services to its residents. Lastly, there should be conflict management in the economy to maintain law and order; all these form the pillars for a political system of a city. Reading this book and comparing the thoughts of the writer with the greatest builder of the New York City gives us an interesting analysis. Robert Moses was responsible for most of the public activities in the New York City in his era. Moses built bridges, expressways, parkways, and housing schemes and expanded the major universities. In his opinion infrastructure was very important for the development of the city and he worked a great deal for the economic development of the New York City by development its infrastructure. He would have reacted to the manufacturing decline by building more cost effective plants rather than take this as a changing economic scenario.

Early childhood education Essay Example for Free

Early childhood education Essay

MTV Arabia Entry Strategy

MTV Arabia Entry Strategy 56 local channels airing Arabian music as well as international numbers by entering into agreements with production houses and other TV networks transformed the Arab culture. One can easily describe Middle East as a region in the process of fast development and cultural change with a rapidly changing political and economic system as stated by Moran, R. T., Harris, P. R. Moran, S. V. (2007). Arabs are Muslims with strong cultural ties with the religion and the holy book, Middle East is way backwards then the west, Arab women wear veils and cover themselves and men wear traditional clothes. Middle East also has politically diverse forms of government, where religion plays the main role in many different ways. Middle East has entirely different cultural ties then the west like shame and honour, family, socialization and trust. Without doubt, Islam is the dominant characteristic of Arab culture and society and is used to define parameters for much of what constitutes the beliefs and actions in Arab Society. Middle East, delineates a number of features of their culture and society with following social characteristics as noted by Leidner, D. L. Kayworth, T. R. (2008): Social Diversity Hierarchical Class Structure Patriarchal relations, particularly in the family Primary group relations Continuing dependency and underdevelopment Some of the salient features of Arab culture: low hypometropia, at least by the standards of developing nations, and very high monumentalism. Arab monumentalism is strongest in the world and comes together with the lowest suicide rates as noted by Minkow, M. (2011). Challenges posed to MTV MTVs worldwide image adds to everything they do special entering a country with strong cultural and conventional ties. As the information provided special projects manager at trends magazine Dubai explains that MTV is known in the market for inclining towards airing controversial program. Also it is an American brand hence carrying Americas liberal cultural values around the world therefore it will be a challenge for the brand to enter a religious and conservative market and air controversial material. Strong anti-American sentiments prevalent among a large section of the population, Issues such as US invasion of Iraq and its support to arch enemy Israel had left many Arabs angry consequently presenting another challenge for an American brand. MTV is a brand of MTV Networks (MTVN) and MTV Arabia launched in 2007 in Middle East was a very challenging step for MTVN, which posed bigger challenges like culturally sensitive environment. The biggest challenge faced was to keep the balance between international quality music and culturally sensitive environment of the region. Also Middle East is a very highly regulated and complex business arena comparing to the western world and companies had to follow more stringent rules and regulations to operate in Middle East. Targeting pan-Arab youth audiences were also another challenge posed to the American brand. Young people represent 65 percent of the population in the Middle East, which was also a challenge for MTVN. This large population of youth attracted other local music channels to start operating in the region, even before MTV Arabias entrance hence these channels had developed a better understanding of the local audiences taste and posed a bigger threat to MTVNs growth in the Middle East. MTV Arabia had to compete with 50 Music Channels operating in Middle East, hence the fierce competition in the market also posed a challenge. Another challenge posed to MTVN while entering Middle East market was its international reputation of airing sexually explicit and provocative programmes. MTVN also had western values attached with the brand and representing an image of open Western culture, opposite to the socially conservative culture of the Middle East was another challenge for MTV to enter Middle East. MTV had to find a balance between explicit music culture and the conservative social culture in the Middle East. Cultural differences among Middle East countries were another challenge posed to MTVN. The cultural ties between the countries in Middles East also differ posing another challenge to MTVN. The American managers interacting with managers from the Middle East might misinterpret the late arrival of a potential business partner as a negotiation play or insult, when it is rather a simple reflection of different views of time and its value in the Middle East as noted by Griffin, R. W. (2011). Also adopting local standards and trying to localize they brand may result in over localization and eventually dilute the brand. Too much localization or personalization can obviously breed logistical chaos and dilute the brand, so customization is usually carried out in clusters using local geographical or lifestyle data as noted by Watson, R. (2010). MTVs strategy in Middle East MTVI had an international strategy of creating joint ventures and contracts with channels already native to a new market. In Middle East MTVN had the same strategy and made a deal with Showtime Arabia as part of the deal Show Time Arabia aired MTV English and Nickelodeon with subtitles in Arabic, which helped introducing the American brand in the market with an already established radio network. After an introduction of the brand, MTVN later on made ties with local partner (Arab Media Group) AMG as part of their strategy to entry the Middle East market. Later on MTV Arabia was launched by the end of year 2006 joint ventured with Arabian Television Network (ATN). According to the information provided MTV Networks (MTVN) launched MTV Arabia on November 17, 2007, in partnership with Arabian Television Network (ATN). The core of the MTV strategy was to provide the region with a platform where Arabs can voice their concerns and it would also be an international music platform. Targeting huge youth populace in Middle East was also one of the main constituent of MTVs strategy to enter Middle East. MTV targeted the youth group of age 12 to 24 and presented itself as a fabric of youth culture. MTV Arabia involved itself in extensive research of the market and data collection which enabled the channel to respond audience diversity and different cultures. Understanding the next generation was also at the heart of MTVN, for which it had to engage itself in continuous market research, which was one of the characters of MTVs strategy in Middle East. MTV also pushed itself as cultural unifying force in a region known for its political tensions. The countries in the Middle East are known for having cross border tensions, MTV Arabia market itself in a way to become unifying force between the Middle Eastern countries with the help of an international platform for music. MTVN had to face competition from approximately fifty music channels operating in Middle East. They had to come up with a strategy to market them self in the market in a way which will help them attract audience. This strategy was being unique and different from the existing music channels choosing differentiation. In differentiation strategies, the emphasis is on creating value through sustainable uniqueness as noted by Harrison, J. S. John, G. H. S. (2010). Even after the launch of MTV Arabia they still carried on conquering the market. MTV-AMG launched Nickelodeon Arabia in 2008, as part of the strategy to build a portfolio of integrated kids businesses across the region. MTV Global Expansion Strategy One of the major steps by MTVN was its first overseas channel in Europe in 1987 and the international arm. International arm MTVI, by the mid-1990s launched a strategy of think globally, act locally and then expanding to MTV Australia, MTV Asia, MTV India, MTV China, MTV Germany and other parts of the world. MTV Arabia was a part of MTVNs global expansion strategy the brands known for its global expansion. The core of the global expansion policy was the same slogan think globally, act locally. This enabled the brand to conquer international markets like China, Australia and Europe, but Middle East posed a bigger challenge. In 2006 MTVI served to an audience of one billion and expanded its operations in 179 countries which included operations in Latin America, Europe and other parts of the world. At one time MTVI operated more than 130 channels, websites along with broadband services in more than 25 languages. By the end of 2007 MTVI had become the major network of Viacom Inc. with more than 140 channels around the world catering to a potential 1.5 billion viewers globally. The following table-1 represents their different websites operated by MTV in different parts of the world: Table MTV Worldwide Websites MTV Worldwide 1 MTV Adria 14 MTV France 27 MTV Malaysia 40 MTV Slovenia 2 MTV Africa 15 MTV Germany 28 MTV MENA 41 MTV Spain 3 MTV Asia 16 MTV Hits UK Ireland 29 MTV Netherlands 42 MTV Sweden 4 MTV Australia 17 MTV Hungry 30 MTV Networks Europe 43 MTV Switzerland 5 MTV Base UK Ireland 18 MTV Idol France 31 MTV New Zealand 44 MTV Taiwan 6 MTV Belgium 19 MTV India 32 MTV Norway 45 MTV Thailand 7 MTV Canada 20 MTV Israel 33 MTV Philippines 46 MTV Turkey 8 MTV Czech Republic 21 MTV Italy 34 MTV Poland 47 MTV UK Ireland 9 MTV China 22 MTV Japan 35 MTV Portugal 48 MTV Ukraine 10 MTV Croatia 23 MTV Korea 36 MTV Romania 49 MTV2 UK 11 MTV Denmark 24 MTV Latin America 37 MTV Russia 12 MTV Europe 25 MTV Latin America Revolution 38 MTV Serbia 13 MTV Finland 26 MTV LIVE 39 MTV Singapore Hence shows the strategic management of MTVN to think globally and act locally, catering their website, TV channel and the music according to the requirements and needs of every market. They take each port of the world locally developing different set of strategies for every country with the same core strategy of think globally and act locally. MTVs localization Strategy A localization strategy could be easily explained as the strategy which emphasizes on increasing profitability by catering the companys products or services so that they provide a product which is catered to the tastes and preferences of the local market as noted by Hill, C. Jones, G. R. (2010). MTV has a different localization strategy for every part of the world, the management at MTV understands the cultural differences across borders and they have a different localization strategy catered to according to the culture of the specific country. The company has different websites for each part of the world they are operating catered to the local culture of the community as shown by table-1. MTVs localization strategy also involved tying up with local channels and learning local culture and differences and then over time acquiring local channels. Like in early 2000s MTV entered Australia and joint ventured with Austereo (commercial radio network in the country and later on acquired Austereo. This strategy is also used in the case of Middle East where MTV used Showtime Arabia before entering the market and aired its reality shows and music with Arabic Subtitle. Later on MTVN joint ventured with AMG to launch MTV Arabia. MTV Arabias localization strategy involves following: English programs with subtitles in the local language Arabic version of International Music and Reality Shows Not to export American Culture Meeting political and government leaders MTVN launched programs with subtitles in Arabic with the help of Showtime Arabia and also used the strategy of meeting political figures and higher authorities as they did in China, Israel and Cuba. This strategy always proved successful for MTVN in all their recent entries to all the different parts of the world. Another major constituent of the localization strategy was not to export American culture helping the brand to fight its American image. To strategically develop products localized to Arab culture MTV Arabia had a decentralized structure with commercial and creative autonomy to the local staff, this enabled MTV Arabia to come up with programs catered to the local culture. MTV Arabias launch team had six members and they were Saudis, Palestinians, Emiratis, Iraqis, and Lebanese. This local mix helped MTV Arabia fight their American image and air globally successful music shows but with a local flavour to suit the Arab mindset. Strategy of providing Mixed Content to the Market MTVs mixed content strategy included airing sixty percent international music and forty percent Arabic music, along with the local version of the channels popular international non-music shows. Producing at least forty five percent of the content locally was at the heart of MTVs mixed content strategy. For the same reason MTV Arabia had a local launch team which produced the local content. MTVN had conducted extensive market research by going to colleges and universities and interviewing higher authorities and parents collecting data vital for the channel to reach its target of producing forty five percent of the content locally. MTV has used providing mixed content strategy in India and China and other parts of the world as well hence the company already had the expertise of producing mixed content. Decentralization provided exactly what was required for the local market and it had all the ingredients for MTV Arabia to be successful in Middle East. MTV and its Success in Middle East MTVs extensive experience in the global market enables them to cater their localization strategy and provide localized material which will certainly help MTV Arabia to be successful in the market as the Middle East market has youth as the major portion of the market. MTV Arabia targeting youth and actively engaging youth by providing them a platform to voice their concerns and to promote Arabian music is all what is required a market like Middle East. Another major reason for MTV Arabias success would be its image in the market, during data collection MTVN discovered that majority of the respondents thought that MTV was an Indian or European brand. Hence brand does not have to work as much as was the gimmick in the market that MTVN is an American brand and it will have to face tough cultural complexities in the market. The local launch team has provided answers to all such questions and now the brand is as localized as it could be. MTVN conducted surveys targeting the 18 to 24 age group and travelling around the Middle East to schools and university campuses for data collection, qualitative data also collected by interviewing figures of authority and elderly people, including speaking to government leaders and parents which will be a major reason for channels success in the Middle East Respecting Arab traditions and showing no disrespect to the local culture also providing a platform for Arab Music and culture is another factor in the success of MTV Arabia. Encouraging education and looking for solutions to problems like unemployment was another factor in the success of MTV Arabia and will help in future. Such initiatives help sending a positive signal about the brand in the market and the audiences starts accepting an relating themselves with the brand, which will be a major factor in success of MTV in the Middle East. All the international programmes which are aired by MTV Arabia are edited to cater cultural needs and requirements, music videos and reality shows are also edited to ensure they are aligned with the cultural ethos prevailing in the Middle East. All these factors helped MTV Arabia to be more localized and exceptive for the Muslim audience in Middle East. Too much localisation can dilute the brand MTV Arabia kept the balance in not to dilute the brand entirely by keeping sixty percent of the content international. This strategy also proved vital and it also incorporated respecting local cultures without diluting the brand. MTV Arabia focused on providing the youth with a platform where they can voice their concerns and also show their music talent was something which will help the brand to be successful in the Middle East Market.